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1 American Public Consistently Supports Investing in Education, http//www.nea.org/society/edufund.html
2 Simmons, Tim. 1-8-99. “State Public Schools Fare Well in National Report.” The News and Observer.
3 Testing Our Children: A Report Card on State Assessment Systems. 1997. Cambridge, MA: National Center for Fair and Open Testing. http://www.fairtest.org/states.nc.htm, pp. 1, 2.
4 ABCs Results 1997-1998 Executive Summary. http://www.dpi.state.nc. us/abc_plan/abcs_results_98executive_summary.html#executive.
5 ABCs Results Show Strong Growth in Student Achievement K-8; High Schools Post First Year’s Results. August 6, 1998. Press Release from DPI. http//www.dpi.state.nc.us/news/abcs_results_98.html.
6 “Education Week Lauds North Carolina’s Accountability Efforts.” January 7, 1999. Press Release from DPI. http//www.dpi.state.nc.us/ news/edweek_report.html.
7 The New ABCs of Public Education: What It Means to You. Raleigh: DPI, 1995
8 The New ABCs for Public Education. Education: Everybody’s Business Coalition., 1995.
9 “What has NCCBI Done for Me?” http://www.nccbi.org/benefits.html
10 NCCBI. 1991. “Recommendations for the Reform of Public Education in North Carolina.” In Restructuring Education in North Carolina: A Synthesis of Eight Education Reform Reports, (pp. 88-89). Raleigh: DPI.
11 Allington, R. L. and A. McGill-Farnzen. 1992. “Unintended Effects of Educational Reform in New York.” Educational Policy, 6, 397-414; Orfield, G. and C. Ashkinaze. 1991. The Closing Door: Conservative Policy and Black Opportunity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; Smith, F. 1986. High School Admission and the Improvement of Schooling. New York: New York City Board of Education.
12 Minutes of special meetings of the State Board of Education on 4-5-95 and 4-13-95; The ABCs: Key Questions and Concerns. Material from the meeting of the State Board of Education on 12-3-97.
13 Simmons, Tim. 8-7-98. “NC Exults in ABCs Triumphs.” The News and Observer.
14 An Evaluation of North Carolina’s Public Schools Testing Program. Evaluation and Assessment Laboratory, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama. November, 25, 1996. p. 52.
15 Kurtz, Michele. 11-6-97. “State Poised to Approve Teacher Tests.” The News and Observer.
16 Simmons, Tim. 5-1-98. “NCAE Sues to Halt Teacher Competency Test.” The News and Observer.
17 Duncan, Otis D., David L. Featherman, and Beverly Duncan. 1972. Socioeconomic Background and Achievement. New York: Seminar Press.; Entwisle, Doris R., Karl L. Alexander, and Linda Steffel Olson. 1997. Children, Schools, and Inequality. Boulder: Westview Press.
18 Simmons, Tim. 8-7-98. “NC Exults in ABCs Triumph.” The News and Observer.
19 Simmons, Tim. 10-26-97. “Schools Find Value, Vexation in ABCs Program.” The News and Observer.; Simmons, Tim. 8-7-98. “NC Exults in ABCs Triumph.” The News and Observer.
20 Simmons, Tim. 5-17-98. “End-of-Grade Tests.” The News and Observer.
21 Madaus, G. F. 1988. The Influence of Testing on the Curriculum. In Tanner, L. N. (ed.), Critical Issues in the Curriculum, 87th Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education, Part I. (pp. 83-121). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.; Smith, M. L. 1991. “Put to the Test: The Effects of External Testing on Teachers.” Educational Researcher, 20(5), 8-11.
22 Neill, Monty. January 1998. High Stakes Tests Do Not Improve Student Learning. Cambridge, MA:National Center for Fair and Open Testing. http://www.fairtest.org/k12/naeprep.htm.
23 Kurtz. Michele. 2-1-98. “Case is Made for Teacher Incentives.” The News and Observer.
24 The NC Education Standards and Accountability Commission’s Third Report to the NC State Board of Education, the NC General Assembly, and Governor James B. Hunt, Jr. July 1996. p. 27.
25 Ibid., p. 24.
26 An Evaluation of North Carolina’s Public Schools Testing Program. Evaluation and Assessment Laboratory, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama. November, 25, 1996.
27 Simmons, Tim. 3-18-99. “Putting the Youngest to the Test.” The News and Observer.
28 Crouch, Michelle. 3-18-99. “Parents Share Bias Complaints in School Probe.” The Charlotte Observer; Kauffman, Susan. 11-10-98. “Schools’ Record Defended.” The News and Observer.
29 Smith, Celeste. 8-14-98. “Test Scores At Some Schools Challenged, Low-Performing Kids Not Tested For ABCS.” The Charlotte Observer.
30 Scheve, Kristin. 3-17-99. “Some Say Class is Too Tough for Ninth-Graders.” The Winston-Salem Journal.
31 Darling-Hammond, Linda. 1997. Toward What End? The Evaluation of Student Learning for the Improvement of Teaching. In Jason Millman (Ed.), Grading Teachers, Grading Schools: Is Student Achievement a Valid Evaluation Measure? (pp. 248-263). Thousand Oaks: Corwin Press, Inc. p. 259.
32 Smith, Celeste. 8-14-98. “Test Scores At Some Schools Challenged, Low-Performing Kids Not Tested For ABCS.” The Charlotte Observer.
33 Ibid.
34 Foster, J. 1993. “Reviews of Research: Retaining Children in Grade. Childhood Education, 70(1): 38-43.
35 Jencks, Christopher and Meredith Phillips. 1998. The Black-White Test Score Gap. Washington, D.C: Brookings Institution Press.
36 Listing of low-performing schools from DPI’s website, http://www.dpi.state.nc.us/abc_results. Data on number of students who qualify for free and reduced lunch from DPI. Data on number of minority students from the Public School Forum.
37 Hattie, John. 10-28-97. “New High School Assessment Component of the ABCs Program.” Discussion notes for presentation to the Piedmont Triad Education Consortium.
38 Foster, J. 1993. “Reviews of Research: Retaining Children in Grade. Childhood Education, 70(1): 38-43.
39 Heubert, Jay P. and Robert M. Hauser, Eds. 1999. High Stakes Testing for Tracking, Promotion, and Graduation. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/highstakes.
40 An Evaluation of North Carolina’s Public Schools Testing Program. Evaluation and Assessment Laboratory, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama. November, 25, 1996.
41 Statistics from the Department of Public Instruction.
42 Owings, William A. and Susan Magliaro. September, 1998. “Grade Retention: A History of Failure.” Educational Leadership. Pp. 86-88.
43 Foster, J. 1993. “Reviews of Research: Retaining Children in Grade. Childhood Education, 70(1): 38-43.
44 Holmes, C.T. 1989. “Grade Level Retention Effects: A Meta-Analysis of Research Studies. In L.A. Shepard and M.L. Smith (Eds.), Flunking Grades: Research and Policies on Retention (pp.16-33). New York: Falmer Press.
45 “Research on End-of-Grade Testing: Characteristics of Level I Students.” Assessment Brief, Spring 1995. Raleigh: DPI.
46 Associated Press. 4-14-99. “Ending Social Promotions Will Cost $100M a Year.” http://www.gocarolinas.com/news/carolinas/1999/04/14/nsocial.html.
47 Hattie, John. 10-28-97. “New High School Assessment Component of the ABCs Program.” Discussion notes for presentation to the Piedmont Triad Education Consortium.
48 Ibid.
49 Haynes, A. Douglas and Jonathan C. Jordan. 1998. Grading Our Schools. Raleigh: John Locke Foundation.
50 Simmons, Tim. 4-1-99. “Death Knell Sounds for Social Promotion in NC Schools.” The News and Observer.
51 Hattie, John. 10-28-97. “New High School Assessment Component of the ABCs Program.” Discussion notes for presentation to the Piedmont Triad Education Consortium.
52 Ibid.
53 “State Board Approves Achievement Tests for Grammar School Kids.” April 1996. For Members Only. Raleigh: NCCBI.
54 Simmons, Tim. 4-1-99. “Death Knell Sounds for Social Promotion in NC Schools.” The News and Observer.
55 Testing Our Children: A Report Card on State Assessment Systems. 1997. Cambridge, MA: National Center for Fair and Open Testing. http://www.fairtest.org/states.nc.htm, p. 3.
56 Heubert, Jay P. and Robert M. Hauser, Eds. 1999. High Stakes Testing for Tracking, Promotion, and Graduation. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/highstakes.
57 “Dropouts As a Component of the High School Accountability Model.” Presented to the SBE by DPI Accountability Services on 8/6/98.
58 Rice, David. 4-4-99. “Welfare Changes Helping Parents, But Poverty Cycle Continuing in NC Schools.” The Winston-Salem Journal.
59 American Psychological Association. 1985. Standards for educational and psychological testing/American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, National Council on Measurement in Education. Washington, DC : American Psychological Association, p.84.
60 An Evaluation of North Carolina’s Public Schools Testing Program. Evaluation and Assessment Laboratory, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama. November, 25, 1996.
61 “Executive Summary, Revised Testing Code of Ethics and Sample Local School Board Policy.” Documentation from the SBE meeting on August 1996.
62 Testing Code of Ethics for North Carolina Testing Personnel, Teachers,
and School Administrators. 1988. Raleigh: Research and Testing Services, NCDPI, p.4.
63 Testing Code of Ethics. 1996. Raleigh: NCDPI., p.4.
64 Smith, Celeste. 8-14-98. “Test Scores At Some Schools Challenged, Low-Performing Kids Not Tested For ABCS.” The Charlotte Observer.
65 Report of Appeals Review for ABCs Growth Standards. Given to the SBE on October 1997.
66 Simmons, Tim. 10-26-97. “Schools Find Value, Vexation in ABCs Program.” The News and Observer.
67 Letter from Marianne Hickman to Jay Robinson dated 9-28-97.
68 Report of the Compliance Commission for Accountability Sitting as the Appeals Committee. Given to SBE on September 22, 1998.
69 Simmons, Tim. 3-29-99. “Blindness Puts Teens in Test Bind.” The News and Observer.
70 The NC Education Standards and Accountability Commission’s Third Report to the NC State Board of Education, the NC General Assembly, and Governor James B. Hunt, Jr. July 1996. p. 25.
71 Ibid.
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